The rebel group M23, backed by Rwanda, and the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have signed a framework agreement for a peace deal, marking a significant step in ongoing efforts to resolve a conflict that has persisted for decades. The agreement was finalized on September 30, 2023, during negotiations held in Doha, Qatar, facilitated by mediation efforts from both Qatar and the United States.
Earlier this year, M23 escalated the conflict by seizing control of Goma and Bukavu, two crucial cities in eastern Congo, where more than 100 armed groups are vying for control of rich mineral resources. The United Nations has characterized the situation in Congo as “one of the most protracted, complex, serious humanitarian crises on Earth,” with approximately 7 million people displaced due to ongoing violence.
Details of the Framework Agreement
Benjamin Mbonimpa, head of the M23 delegation, emphasized that the framework agreement is not a final peace pact but outlines necessary measures to achieve one. In a video shared on X, he stated, “There will be neither any change in the situation on the ground, nor any activity whatsoever, until the measures are debated, negotiated and discussed one by one and a final peace agreement is reached.”
The Congolese government confirmed that the framework agreement consists of eight measures to serve as the foundation for a comprehensive peace deal. Notably, two of these measures—agreements on the release of prisoners and the establishment of a ceasefire oversight body—were previously signed in September and October 2023. The remaining six measures include provisions for restoring state authority in areas controlled by rebels, ensuring humanitarian access, and facilitating the resettlement of refugees. These points will be discussed in detail over the next two weeks.
Continuing Challenges and International Involvement
Qatar has hosted multiple rounds of negotiations since April 2023 aimed at establishing preconditions for a peace agreement and fostering confidence-building measures. Despite these efforts, both sides have accused each other of violating terms of past agreements, leading to an ongoing cycle of violence. In July, Congo and M23 had signed a declaration of principles in Qatar, committing to a comprehensive peace agreement by August 18. However, this deadline was missed, with both parties blaming each other for breaches of the accord.
During the signing ceremony in Doha, Massad Boulos, a senior adviser to former U.S. President Donald Trump, described the framework agreement as a “starting point.” He expressed optimism about the potential outcomes, labeling the moment a “historic opportunity.” The Trump administration has played a significant role in mediating discussions between Rwanda and the DRC, contributing to a peace deal signed between the two countries in June.
As the parties move forward with negotiations, the international community will be closely monitoring the situation, hoping that this latest framework can pave the way for lasting peace in a region long plagued by conflict and instability.
